M1 Review: DIY Robo-Advisor, $75 Bonus via Referral

Posted on January 8, 2025 // 59 Comments

I’ve tried out my share of robo-advisors, which always sounded nice in theory but I eventually became disillusioned as they kept generating lot of unnecessary capital gains every time they change their model portfolios to chase the latest and hottest trends. My favorite service for those that want a little extra help is one where I can pick my own custom target portfolio, but the robo still does the hard work: M1 Finance. Here’s a quick rundown of what makes them different:

  • Fully customizable. You pick your own target asset allocation “pie”. (You can add ETFs or individual stocks.) You can simply copy one of the many model portfolios out there, or make your own custom pie as you like. You have full control! M1 handles the tedious stuff, like rebalancing or dividing a $100 contribution across 8 different ETFs.
  • No commissions. Free stock/ETF trades with a low $100 initial minimum for taxable accounts and a $500 minimum opening amount for retirement accounts. After your initial deposit any amount greater than $10 can be deposited.
  • Free with $10,000 balance. Otherwise $3/month. Most robo-advisors charge an annual management fee of 0.25% to 0.50% of assets, or force you to own something bad, like a lot of low-interest cash. (Looking at you, Schwab…)
  • Free dynamic rebalancing. All new deposits (and withdrawals) will be invested (or sold) dynamically to bring your portfolio back toward your target asset allocation. M1 will also rebalance your entire portfolio back to the target allocation for you with a few clicks (for free) whenever you choose, on demand. You don’t need to do any math or maintain any spreadsheets.
  • Fractional shares (dollar-based). For example, you can just set it to automatically invest $100 a month, and your full amount will be spread across multiple ETFs. Dollar-based transactions were one of the advantages of buying a mutual fund, but fractional shares solve this problem. ETFs are also usually more tax-efficient than mutual funds.
  • Real brokerage account with off-the-shelf investments that you can move out. Some robo-advisors hold special, proprietary funds that you have to sell if you ever leave, possibly creating a big tax bill. (Looking at you, Fidelity…) M1 is built on a regular brokerage account, so you can move your Vanguard/iShares/Schwab ETFs and stock shares out to another broker whenever you want.

Now, for a long time, Vanguard didn’t offer automatic fractional investments into ETFs. But as of October 2024, Vanguard now offers fractional ETF investments.

Still, M1 Finance checks off many of the boxes of my brokerage wish list. The only thing they could add would be to have the high availability of knowledgeable customer service of a huge company like Fidelity or Schwab.

If you want to invest in newer factor ETFs that focus on Small-Cap, Value, Momentum, or Quality factors like those from DFA and Avantis, or a mix of dividend-oriented ETFs like SCHD/VIG/VYM, their service makes it much easier to set up a portfolio mix of different ETFs.

M1 Plus features are now available to everyone. M1 Plus was their premium subscription tier with several additional perks. As of May 2024, everyone gets these features, but they are only free with a $10,000 balance and $3/month otherwise.

  • High-yield savings (currently 4.00% APY as of 7/1/25). FDIC-insured up to $5 million.
  • Competitive margin rates.
  • Custodial accounts for kids.
  • Extra 3pm PM ET trade window.
  • Automated “smart” transfers.

$75 referral bonus. M1 has a $75 referral bonus if you open a new account with $10,000 and maintain it for 30 days. Here is my M1 referral link (thanks if you use it!) from which you must start opening your new account.

A bonus that amounts to 0.75% of your initial deposit with only a 30 day hold is technically a 9% annualized yield.

ACAT Transfer bonus. This is not currently available.

Bottom line. M1 Finance is a brokerage account that acts like a customizable robo-advisor with automatic rebalancing into a target portfolio. You control the model portfolio, and they do the tedious work. Great for implementation of a low-cost, index or passive ETF portfolio. New pricing structure as of May 2024: Free for those with $10,000 in assets, otherwise $3 a month.

Filed Under: Deals & Offers, Investing //

MMB Portfolio: Should I Own Less International Stocks? (2024 Year End)

Posted on January 6, 2025 // 8 Comments

The most common reader question about my personal portfolio is definitely the fact that the allocation to international stocks has been a drag on performance relative to owning 100% US stocks. This is kind of a repeat topic, so I won’t dive into the full debate again, but wanted to offer some expanded and updated thoughts to my response to a comment from reader John. All numbers below are taken as of January 2025.

The divergence between the performance of US stocks and the rest of the world started around 2009, which of course coincided with most of my investing lifetime so far. 😒 Here’s a chart from the Bloomberg article Global Diversification Has Disappointed. Don’t Give Up on It (gift article for next 7 days). Worth a read.

As noted in my portfolio updates, my asset allocation floats along with total world market cap breakdown, as tracked according to the Vanguard Total World Stock ETF (VT). I remember a time when it was only 45% US and 55% Rest of the World (World ex-US). As of the end of 2024, it is now at 65% US and 35% World ex-US.

In practical terms, this means that I used to own about the same amount of Vanguard Total US Stock Market ETF (VTI) and Vanguard Total International Stock ETF (VXUS), a 1:1 ratio. But as of the end of 2024, I now own about double the amount of VTI relative to VXUS, a 2:1 ratio. So my performance isn’t exactly that of the chart above due to ongoing investments over time, but it’s still been much lower than if I used owned 100% US stocks.

I can’t change the past. The question is: Should I change my asset allocation now?

Let’s look closer. A significant chunk (not all) of the outperformance has been due to a higher P/E ratio. Below is a Yardeni chart of the P/E ratio of US stocks vs. International stocks. The gap looks like the greatest in 25 years. Can this trend continue? I don’t know, and I don’t think anyone really knows.

Are US stocks simply a better investment, forever? They might be. The US definitely offers a very business-friendly environment overall. That’s why I just let it float. If the US manages to continue this outperformance in the future, then one day my allocation might grow to 75%/25% (3:1 ratio) or even 80%/20% (4:1 ratio). My portfolio adjusts.

This is the same theory as owning all of the companies in a market-weighted S&P 500 index fund: you own all the winners, and you also own the losers, but owning the winners is good enough to pull everything up overall. If the US keeps being a huge winner, I’ll own a lot of the US. If not, I still own the entire haystack. Therefore, I plan to continue holding a chunk of international stocks according to the investable market-cap float with maybe a slight home bias.

I could sit here and lament how big my portfolio would have been if I had bet on 100% US for the last 15 years, but honestly the stock markets have been kind to me as a business owner (although I’d say at the expense of the average worker bee) even with my international stocks and bond holdings. The 10-year trailing average annualized return has been 9.33% for VT vs. 12.50% for VTI. Owning a mix of winners and losers has still worked out just fine, and I was covered in case history turned out differently. I have no complaints.

Photo by Andrew Neel on Unsplash

Filed Under: Investing, Retirement //

MMB Portfolio Asset Allocation & Performance – 2024 Year-End Update

Posted on January 6, 2025 // 6 Comments

Here’s my Year End 2024 update for our primary investment holdings, including all of our combined 401k/403b/IRAs and taxable brokerage accounts but excluding our house and side portfolio of self-directed investments. Following the concept of skin in the game, the following is not a recommendation, but a sharing of our real-world, imperfect, low-cost, diversified DIY portfolio.

“Never ask anyone for their opinion, forecast, or recommendation. Just ask them what they have in their portfolio.” – Nassim Taleb

How I Track My Portfolio
Here’s how I track my portfolio across multiple brokers and account types. There are limited free advanced options after Morningstar discontinued free access to their portfolio tracker. I use both Empower Personal Dashboard (previously known as Personal Capital) and a custom Google Spreadsheet to track my investment holdings:

  • The Empower Personal Dashboard real-time portfolio tracking tools (free) automatically logs into my different accounts, adds up my various balances, tracks my performance, and calculates my overall asset allocation daily. Formerly known as Personal Capital.
  • Once a quarter, I also update my manual Google Spreadsheet (free to copy, instructions) because it helps me calculate how much I need in each asset class to rebalance back towards my target asset allocation. I also create a new tab each quarter, so I have a personal archive of my holdings dating back many years.

2024 Year End Asset Allocation and YTD Performance
Here are updated performance and asset allocation charts, per the “Holdings” and “Allocation” tabs of my Empower Personal Dashboard.

I own broad, low-cost exposure to productive assets that will provide long-term returns above inflation, distribute income via dividends and interest, and offer some historical tendencies to balance each other out. I have faith in the long-term benefit of owning all of the best businesses worldwide, as well as the stability of high-quality US Treasury debt.

I let my stock holdings float relatively close to the total world market cap breakdown, and it is now at ~65% US and ~35% ex-US. I do add just a little “spice” to the broad funds with the inclusion of “small value” factor ETFs for US and Developed International stocks as well as diversified real estate exposure through US REITs. But if you step back and look at the big picture, this is my simplified target portfolio:

By paying minimal costs including management fees, transaction spreads, and tax drag, I am trying to essentially guarantee myself above-average net performance over time.

The portfolio that you can hold onto through the tough times is the best one for you. Every asset class will eventually have a low period, and you must have strong faith during these periods to earn those historically high returns. You have to keep owning and buying more stocks through the stock market crashes. You have to maintain and even buy more rental properties during a housing crunch, etc. A good sign is that if prices drop, you’ll want to buy more of that asset instead of less. I don’t have strong faith in the long-term results of commodities, gold, or bitcoin – so I don’t own them.

I do not spend a lot of time backtesting various model portfolios, as I don’t think picking through the details of the recent past will necessarily create superior future returns. You’ll usually find that whatever model portfolio is popular at the moment just happens to hold the asset class that has been the hottest recently as well.

I have settled into a long-term target ratio of roughly 70% stocks and 30% bonds within our investment strategy of buy, hold, and occasionally rebalance. My goal has evolved to more of a “perpetual income portfolio” as opposed to a “build up a big stash and hope it lasts until I die” portfolio. My target withdrawal rate is 3% or less. Here is a round-number breakdown of my target asset allocation along with my primary ETF holding for each asset class.

  • 35% US Total Market (VTI)
  • 5% US Small-Cap Value (VBR/AVUV)
  • 20% International Total Market (VXUS)
  • 5% International Small-Cap Value (AVDV)
  • 5% US Real Estate (REIT) (VNQ)
  • 15% US “Regular” Treasury Bonds or FDIC-insured deposits
  • 15% US Treasury Inflation-Protected Bonds or I Savings Bonds

I do let things wobble a bit so I don’t have to keep rebalancing. Also, I have limited tax-deferred space for TIPS so I own less than I might otherwise. So the bonds is closer to 20% Treasuries and 10% TIPS.

Performance details. According to Empower, my portfolio went up around 11.5% in 2024. The S&P 500 went up 23.3% in 2024, while the US Bond index went up around 1.3%. Another year of relative underperformance in international stocks in the books.

Overall, we spent some of our dividends/interest and also made some 401k/IRA contributions with income to take advantage of tax-deferred opportunities. We no longer have the crazy savings rate of our 20s and 30s. Owning stocks continues to reward long-term investors. Out of curiosity, I generated a Morningstar Growth of $10,000 Chart for the Vanguard LifeStrategy Growth Fund (VASGX) which holds a static 80% stocks and 20% bonds and most closely mimics my portfolio since 2005, roughly when I started investing more seriously and started this blog. A very rough approximation is to expect your money to double every decade (Rule of 72). The money that I invested 20 years ago has indeed roughly doubled twice (4X).

I’ll share about more about the income aspect in a separate post.

Filed Under: Goals, Investing, Retirement //

2024 Year-End Review: Annual Broad Asset Class & Target Fund Returns

Posted on January 2, 2025 // 1 Comment

Happy New Year! 🎉 🥳 Let’s see how the year went for the broad asset classes that I track. Per Morningstar, here are the total annual returns (includes price appreciation and dividends/interest) for select asset classes as benchmarked by popular ETFs after market close 12/31/24.

I didn’t include Bitcoin or any other crypto because I honestly don’t track it, don’t own it as part of my long-term portfolio, and would not advise my family to own it. However, I acknowledge that it went up something like 120% this year.

The “set and forget” Vanguard Target Retirement 2055 fund (VFFVX) , currently consisting of roughly 90% diversified stocks and 10% bonds, was up 14.6% in 2023.

Commentary. 2024 again shows that you want to stay in the game. If you waited on the sidelines because stocks have historically high valuations and you were waiting for a dip… well, that didn’t work out. The S&P 500 had two great years in a row, the best two consecutive years in over 25 years according to the WSJ (gift article):

Historically, the S&P 500 annual return is negative in roughly every 1 in 4 years. But holding through that volatility is part of the price you pay for the long-term returns. For most of us, the best we can do is to “stay the course” and enjoy the up years while knowing that the down years will inevitably be sprinkled in there. I try my best not to skip and ignore all the predictions, or even listen to daily market close announcements. If you stand by the roulette table and stare long enough at the red and black numbers that come up, your mind will start to find patterns where they don’t exist.

Instead, here are your cumulative returns through the end of 2024 if you had been a steady investor in the Vanguard Target Retirement 2055 fund over the past several years, despite the many, many problems of the world:

(These work great inside 401ks and IRAs. I’d avoid buying Target Retirement funds in a taxable account.)

Holding cash would have been a lot less scary, but the returns would have been a lot less impressive. I will post more about my personal portfolio changes and performance shortly.

Filed Under: Banking, Investing, Retirement //

Warning: Avoid Buying Vanguard Target Retirement Funds in Taxable Accounts

Posted on December 26, 2024 // 5 Comments

Vanguard Target Retirement Funds are a huge series of “all-in-one” mutual funds, now with over $1 trillion in total assets. I don’t hold them myself, but I have advised my parents to invest their IRAs in them. I appreciate that they are low-cost, diversified, and rebalanced automatically to maintain a reasonable asset allocation, meaning that I don’t have to actively monitor them myself.

However, due to a mix of factors, it is important to know that these Target Retirement 20XX funds tend to make larger capital gains distributions than an equivalent mix of index ETFs. This can cause unexpected tax bills, especially for those with large balances and near retirement. Inside a 401k or IRA, none of this matters. But you should avoid owning them in a taxable brokerage account unless you accept these disadvantages as a price of their ease of ownership.

Back in 2021, these made large capital gains distributions due to a mishandling of mutual fund expense changes by Vanguard. Vanguard eventually had to settle a class action lawsuit for $40 million. This 2022 Morningstar article has more details: Lessons From Vanguard Target-Date’s Capital Gains Surprise.

The Vanguard Target Retirement 2025 and 2020 funds again announced a higher capital gains distribution amount than its peer funds in its 2024 estimate report. The 2025 TDFs for American Funds, Fidelity, and T. Rowe Price were all in the 0.53% to 2.10% range, and American Funds are actively-managed! The Fidelity Freedom Index 2025 Funds only distributed 0.53%.

Assuming a $1 million balance in Vanguard Target Retirement 2025, the 4.29% capital gains distribution would work out to $42,900 in additional, likely unexpected income. At a long-term gains rate of 15%, that’s a tax bill of $6,435.

This could all happen again and again. Why? For one, Vanguard’s steeper glide path at this age period means they are selling stocks for bonds faster than other funds. Second, folks have been selling their shares, either because they need the money for retirement expenses or because they are part of the larger trend of selling to switch to ETFs. Either way, these two things are expected to continue in the foreseeable future.

ETFs have inherent structural advantages over mutual funds that help them to avoid creating capital gains. I suspect that it is only a matter of time before Vanguard introduces a line of Target Retirement ETFs, which would be able to minimize capital gains distributions. Of course, that could mean even more people selling their Target Retirement Mutual Funds if they can’t figure out how to make converting a non-taxable event, which would result in even more capital gains distributions! I’m not saying this would happen for sure, but it is a possibility that may create a spiral of increasing capital gains.

The actionable move here is to avoid buying into the Target Retirement Funds in a taxable account right now. If you are a younger investor, a Target Retirement Fund is 90% stocks anyway, essentially split into 60% VTI (Total US Stock) and 40% VXUS (Total International Stock). I’d just buy those two core building-block ETFs if you manage to have extra money to invest after 401k/403b/457/TSP and IRAs. If you wanted to be more exact, you could buy 55% VTI, 35% VXUS, and 10% BND.

Filed Under: Investing //

Thank You, John Rekenthaler, For The Uncomfortable Truths About Investing

Posted on December 19, 2024 // Leave a Comment

John Rekenthaler, longtime Director of Research at Morningstar, recently announced his retirement from a 35+ year career with the article Farewell, For Now. As a regular reader of his “Rekenthaler Reports”, I have respected his clear writings that were often about the uncomfortable truths of investing.

I am old enough to remember when the “5-Star Rating” from Morningstar was the ultimate goal of every mutual fund, as that meant they could place a huge ad inside Kiplinger’s Personal Finance and Money magazines (along with the inevitable other mentions) and wait for the money to roll in. Morningstar still has fund ratings and offers stock picks, but they’ve also evolved their business and to their credit, acknowledged these “uncomfortable truths”:

5-star Morningstar ratings weren’t very useful. Even way back in 2000, the research showed that high past performance did not result in high future performance. The only thing that showed “persistence” were the worst-performing funds. Bad funds stayed bad. From a 2000 article by Jane Bryant Quinn:

John Rekenthaler, Morningstar’s research director, says there’s actually not much difference between mid-ranked funds and top-rated ones. Three-star, four-star and five-star funds have been found to perform pretty much alike, he says.

Still, those funds do better, on average, than two-star or one-star funds. If that’s the case, you shouldn’t worry if your fund moves from level to level, as long as it rates three stars and up.

Low expense ratios matter the most in fund selection. Russell Kinnel was the author of the 2010 Morningstar article How Expense Ratios & Star Ratings Predict Success, but Rekenthaler was also part of that research team and the admission was really big news for that time:

Perhaps the most compelling argument for expenses is that they worked every time–because costs always are deducted from returns regardless of the market environment. The star rating, as a reflection of past risk-adjusted performance, is more time-period dependent. When the market swings dramatically, the star rating is going to be less effective.

Investors should make expense ratios a primary test in fund selection. They are still the most dependable predictor of performance. Start by focusing on funds in the cheapest or two cheapest quintiles, and you’ll be on the path to success.

Doing nothing is often the best investing advice. Could it be that the “Do Nothing Portfolio” could compete and often beat the average mutual fund and even index funds (which still add and remove stocks within their index)? There is a lot of interesting stuff here: More Lessons From the Do Nothing Portfolio.

There is something to be said about minimizing your trading to the absolute minimum. The reason behind making extra trades is often either performance-chasing or panic-selling. Less is often more.

Edges don’t last. From William Bernstein:

Rekenthaler’s Rule: “If the bozos know about it, it doesn’t work anymore.” In other words, as soon as an anomaly is uncovered, it is arbitraged out of existence.

Time IN the game, not timing the game. Rekenthaler even included some uncomfortable truths inside his last article. If he had listened to Jack Bogle and picked the low-cost Vanguard S&P 500 index fund from early on instead of his actual picks (as an employee at Morningstar!), he’d likely be much richer today. But because he still kept investing consistently and mostly in US stocks, he still did just fine. Thus, we should not expect investing perfection from ourselves, either.

Another tribute article: What I Learned From John Rekenthaler

Filed Under: Investing //

Best Interest Rates Survey: Savings Accounts, Treasuries, CDs, ETFs – December 2024

Posted on December 15, 2024 // 12 Comments

Here’s my monthly roundup of the best interest rates on cash as of December 2024, roughly sorted from shortest to longest maturities. There are lesser-known opportunities available to individual investors, often earning more money while keeping the same level of safety by moving to another FDIC-insured bank or NCUA-insured credit union. Check out my Ultimate Rate-Chaser Calculator to see how much extra interest you could earn from switching. Rates listed are available to everyone nationwide. Rates checked as of 12/15/2024.

TL;DR: Slightly lower overall in the short-term. Only a few around 5% APY now. Still some 4%+ APY 5-year CDs. Compare against Treasury bills and bonds at every maturity, taking into account state tax exemption. I no longer recommend fintech companies due to the possibility of loss due to poor recordkeeping and/or fraud.

High-yield savings accounts
Since the huge megabanks still pay essentially no interest, everyone should at least have a separate, no-fee online savings account to piggy-back onto your existing checking account. The interest rates on savings accounts can drop at any time, so I list the top rates as well as competitive rates from banks with a history of competitive rates and solid user experience. Some banks will bait you with a temporary top rate and then lower the rates in the hopes that you are too lazy to leave.

  • The top rates at the moment are from newcomers TIMBR at 5.05% APY and Pibank at 5.00% APY. I have no personal experience with either, but they are the top rates at the moment. Most others have dropped at least a little. For example, CIT Platinum Savings is now at 4.55% APY with $5,000+ balance.
  • SoFi Bank is at 4.00% APY + up to $325 new account bonus with direct deposit. You must maintain a direct deposit of any amount (even $1) each month for the higher APY. SoFi has historically competitive rates and full banking features. See details at $25 + $300 SoFi Money new account and deposit bonus.
  • Here is a limited survey of high-yield savings accounts. They aren’t the top rates, but a group that have historically kept it relatively competitive such that I like to track their history.

Short-term guaranteed rates (1 year and under)
A common question is what to do with a big pile of cash that you’re waiting to deploy shortly (plan to buy a house soon, just sold your house, just sold your business, legal settlement, inheritance). My usual advice is to keep things simple and take your time. If not a savings account, then put it in a flexible short-term CD under the FDIC limits until you have a plan.

  • No Penalty CDs offer a fixed interest rate that can never go down, but you can still take out your money (once) without any fees if you want to use it elsewhere. Marcus has a 7mo/9mo/11mo No Penalty CD at 4.00% APY with a $500 minimum deposit. Farmer’s Insurance FCU has 9-month No Penalty CD at 4.50% APY with a $1,000 minimum deposit. Consider opening multiple CDs in smaller increments for more flexibility.
  • Langley Federal Credit Union has a 10-month certificate special at 5.25% APY ($500 min, $50,000 max). This is a promo for new members only. Anyone can join this credit union nationwide; you must maintain $5 in their share savings account. Early withdrawal penalty is 90 days of interest.

Money market mutual funds
Many brokerage firms that pay out very little interest on their default cash sweep funds (and keep the difference for themselves). Note: Money market mutual funds are highly-regulated, but ultimately not FDIC-insured, so I would still stick with highly reputable firms.

  • Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund (VMFXX) is the default sweep option for Vanguard brokerage accounts, which has an SEC yield of 4.54% (changes daily, but also works out to a compound yield of 4.64%, which is better for comparing against APY). Odds are this is much higher than your own broker’s default cash sweep interest rate.
  • Vanguard Treasury Money Market Fund (VUSXX) is an alternative money market fund which you must manually purchase, but the interest will be mostly (80% for 2023 tax year) exempt from state and local income taxes because it comes from qualifying US government obligations. Current SEC yield of 4.49% (compound yield of 4.58%).

Treasury Bills and Ultra-short Treasury ETFs
Another option is to buy individual Treasury bills which come in a variety of maturities from 4-weeks to 52-weeks and are fully backed by the US government. You can also invest in ETFs that hold a rotating basket of short-term Treasury Bills for you, while charging a small management fee for doing so. T-bill interest is exempt from state and local income taxes, which can make a significant difference in your effective yield.

  • You can build your own T-Bill ladder at TreasuryDirect.gov or via a brokerage account with a bond desk like Vanguard and Fidelity. Here are the current Treasury Bill rates. As of 12/13/24, a new 4-week T-Bill had the equivalent of 4.31% annualized interest and a 52-week T-Bill had the equivalent of 4.24% annualized interest.
  • The iShares 0-3 Month Treasury Bond ETF (SGOV) has a 4.88% SEC yield (this looks old) and effective duration of 0.10 years. SPDR Bloomberg Barclays 1-3 Month T-Bill ETF (BIL) has a 4.42% SEC yield and effective duration of 0.08 years.

US Savings Bonds
Series I Savings Bonds offer rates that are linked to inflation and backed by the US government. You must hold them for at least a year. If you redeem them within 5 years there is a penalty of the last 3 months of interest. The annual purchase limit for electronic I bonds is $10,000 per Social Security Number, available online at TreasuryDirect.gov.

  • “I Bonds” bought between November 2024 and April 2025 will earn a 3.11% rate for the first six months. The rate of the subsequent 6-month period will be based on inflation again. More on Savings Bonds here.
  • In mid-April 2025, the CPI will be announced and you will have a short period where you will have a very close estimate of the rate for the next 12 months. I will have another post up at that time.

Rewards checking accounts
These unique checking accounts pay above-average interest rates, but with unique risks. You have to jump through certain hoops which usually involve 10+ debit card purchases each cycle, a certain number of ACH/direct deposits, and/or a certain number of logins per month. If you make a mistake (or they judge that you did) you risk earning zero interest for that month. Some folks don’t mind the extra work and attention required, while others would rather not bother. Rates can also drop suddenly, leaving a “bait-and-switch” feeling.

  • OnPath Federal Credit Union (my review) pays 7.00% APY on up to $10,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, and login to online or mobile banking once per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via $5 membership fee to join partner organization. You can also get a $100 Visa Reward card when you open a new account and make qualifying transactions.
  • Genisys Credit Union pays 6.75% APY on up to $7,500 if you make 10 debit card purchases of $5+ each per statement cycle, and opt into online statements. Anyone can join this credit union via $5 membership fee to join partner organization.
  • La Capitol Federal Credit Union pays 6.25% APY on up to $10,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases of at least $5 each per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via partner organization, Louisiana Association for Personal Financial Achievement ($20).
  • NEW: Falcon National Bank pays 6.00% APY on up to $25,000 if you make at least 15 debit card purchases, 1 direct deposit OR ACH credit transaction, and enroll in online statements.
  • Credit Union of New Jersey pays 6.00% APY on up to $25,000 if you make 12 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, and make at least 1 direct deposit, online bill payment, or automatic payment (ACH) per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via $5 membership fee to join partner organization.
  • Andrews Federal Credit Union pays 6.00% APY on up to $25,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, and make at least 1 direct deposit or ACH transaction per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via partner organization.
  • Find a locally-restricted rewards checking account at DepositAccounts.

Certificates of deposit (greater than 1 year)
CDs offer higher rates, but come with an early withdrawal penalty. By finding a bank CD with a reasonable early withdrawal penalty, you can enjoy higher rates but maintain access in a true emergency. Alternatively, consider building a CD ladder of different maturity lengths (ex. 1/2/3/4/5-years) such that you have access to part of the ladder each year, but your blended interest rate is higher than a savings account. When one CD matures, use that money to buy another 5-year CD to keep the ladder going. Some CDs also offer “add-ons” where you can deposit more funds if rates drop.

  • Credit Human has a 59-month CD at 4.11% APY. 48-month at 4.11% APY. 35-month at 4.25% APY. 23-month at 4.30% APY. 1-year at 4.40% APY. $500 minimum. The early withdrawal penalty (EWP) for CD maturities of 36 months or more is 365 days of interest. For CD maturity of 1 year, the EWP is 270 days of interest. This is actually a credit union, but is open nationwide with a American Consumer Council (ACC) membership. Try promo code “consumer” when signing up at ACC for a free membership.
  • Synchrony Bank has a 5-year certificate at 4.00% APY (no minimum), 4-year at 3.50% APY, 3-year at 3.75% APY, 2-year at 3.50% APY, and 1-year at 4.00% APY. Early withdrawal penalty for the 4-year and 5-year is 365 days of interest.
  • BMO Alto has a 5-year CD at 3.90% APY. 4-year at 3.80% APY. 3-year at 3.80% APY. 2-year at 3.80% APY. 1-year at 4.20% APY. No minimum. The early withdrawal penalty (EWP) for CD maturities of 1 year or more is 180 days of interest. For CD maturities of 11 months or less, the EWP is 90 days of interest. However, note that they reserve the right to prohibit early withdrawals entirely (!). Online-only subsidiary of BMO Bank.
  • You can buy certificates of deposit via the bond desks of Vanguard and Fidelity. You may need an account to see the rates. These “brokered CDs” offer FDIC insurance and easy laddering, but they don’t come with predictable early withdrawal penalties. Right now, I see a 5-year non-callable CD at 3.90% APY (callable: no, call protection: yes). Be warned that both Vanguard and Fidelity will list higher rates from callable CDs, which importantly means they can call back your CD if rates drop later. (Issuers have indeed started calling some of their old 5%+ CDs during 2024.)

Longer-term Instruments
I’d use these with caution due to increased interest rate risk (tbh, I don’t use them at all), but I still track them to see the rest of the current yield curve.

  • Willing to lock up your money for 10 years? You can buy long-term certificates of deposit via the bond desks of Vanguard and Fidelity. These “brokered CDs” offer FDIC insurance, but they don’t come with predictable early withdrawal penalties. You might find something that pays more than your other brokerage cash and Treasury options. Right now, I see a 10-year CDs at [n/a] (non-callable) vs. 4.40% for a 10-year Treasury. Watch out for higher rates from callable CDs where they can call your CD back if interest rates drop.

All rates were checked as of 12/15/2024.

Photo by Giorgio Trovato on Unsplash

Filed Under: Banking, Deals & Offers, Investing // Tagged:

Mary Buffett & The Difference Between Gifting Cash and Stocks

Posted on December 13, 2024 // 9 Comments

In a recent Fortune article, which in turn referenced an older ThinkAdvisor interview, Mary Buffett shared an anecdote about how her former father-in-law Warren Buffett changed the way he gifted his family $10,000 every year, from cash to shares of stock:

He would always give each of us $10,000 in hundred-dollar bills. As soon as we got home, we’d spend it — whooo! Then, one Christmas there was an envelope with a letter from him. Instead of cash, he’d given us $10,000 worth of shares in a company he’d recently bought, a trust Coca-Cola had. He said to either cash them in or keep them. I thought, “Well, [this stock] is worth more than $10,000. So I kept it, and it kept going up. Then, every year when he’d give us stock — Wells Fargo being one of them — I would just buy more of it because I knew it was going to go up.

Giving shares of stock instead of cash was small nudge that made a difference. A little bit of added friction. A little hint from the giver that you might want to keep it, but you aren’t forced to keep it.

I haven’t given my children any stock yet, but am starting to think they are ready. It won’t be a lot, but I’ll tell them about it and they can look at the custodial account statements each year. I’ll show them what paper stock certificates look like. I’m hoping that they’ll also see the growth from the investment, and then that’ll make them even less likely to sell the shares. But they’ll technically be free to sell them once they turn 18 (or up to 25 in some states).

Filed Under: Family, Investing //

Vanguard Announces New Treasury Bill ETFs: New Best Cash Alternative?

Posted on December 3, 2024 // 3 Comments

Vanguard recently released an announcement that in “First Quarter 2025” they will be releasing two new index ETFs that both hold short-term US Treasury Bonds:

  • Vanguard 0-3 Month Treasury Bill ETF (VBIL). Holds Treasuries with maturities of 3 months or less. Estimated expense ratio of 0.07%.
  • Vanguard Ultra-Short Treasury ETF (VGUS). Holds Treasuries with maturities of less than 12 months. Estimated expense ratio of 0.07%.

Currently, I would say the two best options for those who want low-cost exposure to Treasury Bills as a cash alternative without having to manually manage their own T-Bill ladder are:

  • iShares 0-3 Month Treasury Bond ETF (SGOV). Holds Treasuries with maturities of 3 months or less (1.2 months weighted average as of 12/2024). Expense ratio of 0.09%. 30-day historical median bid/ask spread of 0.01%. Can be bought and sold at nearly any brokerage.
  • Vanguard Treasury Money Market Fund (VUSXX). Maintains a NAV of $1. Holds Treasuries with average maturity of 38 days (as of 10/31/24). Expense ratio of 0.09%. Usually must be bought and sold within a Vanguard brokerage accounts to avoid transaction fees.

The advantages of owning properly-managed T-Bill funds are that you hopefully maintain the state income tax exemption of T-Bill interest, while adding the convenience and easy liquidity of ETFs and mutual funds. T-Bills often give residents of states with high local/state income taxes the highest tax-equivalent yield available for a cash equivalent (minimal volatility, minimal principal risk).

For tax year 2023, SGOV reported 96.45% of interest was derived from qualified U.S. Government and agency obligations. In many states, this meant that 96.45% of the interest paid out was exempt from state and local income taxes.

For tax year 2023, VUSXX reported 80.06% of interest was derived from qualified U.S. Government and agency obligations. In many states, this means that 80.06% of the interest paid out was exempt from state and local income taxes.

Ideally, VBIL will be very similar to SGOV with a tight bid/ask spread and nearly all interest eligible for state income tax exemption, but with even lower expenses and thus higher net yields. Something to keep a look out for in early 2025.

Filed Under: Banking, Investing //

TreasuryDirect Customer Service Delays and Estate Planning Concerns

Posted on November 17, 2024 // 14 Comments

TreasuryDirect.gov is the official site for individuals to directly purchase US savings bonds and US Treasury bonds, including new T-Bills and TIPS at auction. But is it still worth the hassle? Back in August 2024, TreasuryDirect sent me the following e-mail when converting my paper bonds to electronic:

Cases are worked in the order they are received in our office. Your request is important to us and will receive attention as soon as possible. Please be aware of our estimated processing times to process your case which are based on the case type (bolding is mine):

Cases requesting to cash Series EE and/or Series I paper savings bonds held in your name, at least 4 weeks.
Cases requesting to cash Series HH savings bonds held in your name, at least 3 months.
Unlocking your TreasuryDirect account, updating bank information in that account, or converting your paper savings bonds into electronic bonds in TreasuryDirect, at least 4 weeks.
Claims for missing, lost, or stolen bonds, at least 6 months.
All other cases, at least 20 weeks.
If we require additional information to process your case, we will contact you. Thank you for your patience.

That’s at least a month for some pretty basic stuff like unlocking your account because you forgot what you said was your favorite movie. In October 2024, the WSJ published TreasuryDirect to Bond Buyers: Moving Your Money Could Take a Year regarding long delays transferring Treasury bonds to outside brokerages.

The resulting customer service backlog is straining the Treasury Department’s antiquated system, which can require verified signatures and paper forms sent through the mail. People transferring securities from TreasuryDirect to third-party brokerages face especially long waits because those requests are processed manually, according to people familiar with the matter.

TreasuryDirect tries to complete most of them within six weeks, but can take 12 months, depending on capacity. A notice on the TreasuryDirect website says some customer service requests “may require 12 months or more to process.” The notice had said the longest delays were about six months until the end of July.

Finally, there are multiple posts on the Bogleheads, Early Retirement, and Reddit forums about the difficulties of dealing with TreasuryDirect after the account owner passes away. Here’s one example from a user that was already familiar with the website, knew all the account information, and had the beneficiaries assigned correctly, but still encountered multiple forms, conflicting instructions, and months of delays – Treasury Direct – The Eternal Wait and No Way To Track Transfer:

I’m closing in on 3 months waiting for Treasury Direct to transfer several EE bonds and an I bond that were in my dad’s online Treasury Direct account to my online Treasury Direct account. My dad passed away at the end of December 2022 and I was registered as the beneficiary with POD on all of the bonds.

And the follow-up (emphasis mine):

My dad’s I bonds were transferred to me around the 4-5 month mark.

After that experience, I decided to liquidate all of my TD accounts, and will encourage my husband to do the same. I personally don’t want a repeat of this experience, or make my heirs go through such a lengthy process in resolving my estate.

What I learned from this experience is to not discount how much stress and mental bandwidth it takes to deal with TD when you’re also grieving the loss of a family member, and trying to settle the estate so you can move on financially.

Another similar estate horror story here.

Takeaway #1: Expect and prepare for slow service. It’s very clear that TreasuryDirect is an underfunded government program with very limited resources. Even most mega banks no longer cash in old paper savings bonds, so that has increased their workload as well. Any time there is a surge in demand, either due to relatively attractive rates on savings bonds or Treasury bills, they are going to get backed up. If you happen to lock yourself out of your account during one of these times, it may take months to fix it! Be very careful before you close that old bank account linked through TreasuryDirect. Use a reliable password manager, and be sure to add your answers to questions like “Who is your favorite child?”. Be sure to note your account information in multiple documents, in case someone needs to find it.

Takeaway #2: Never use TreasuryDirect for anything besides US savings bonds. TreasuryDirect.gov is the only place where you can purchase US savings bonds, but it is not the only place you can buy individual Treasury bonds and TIPS. Just open an account with a broker with better resources and a bond desk like Fidelity, Schwab, or Vanguard and go through them.

Takeaway #3: Consider your heirs and simplifying your accounts as you age. In my opinion, I would also avoid TreasuryDirect if you are older and you don’t want to burden your estate executors with dealing with TreasuryDirect. You can save them several months and many hours of calls and paperwork by liquidating your assets and consolidating them elsewhere. TreasuryDirect will likely take the longest to resolve out of all of your financial accounts.

Personally, I continue to gradually liquidate the savings bonds in my TreasuryDirect account and buying individual TIPS in an outside brokerage account instead. I will have to pay some taxes on the deferred interest, but since I am getting a 1% to 2% higher fixed rate via TIPS in many cases, it’s not that bad. I also worry that my survivors might completely overlook this account if something unexpected happens (there are no mailed paper statements, or even monthly e-mails of online statements.) I’d like to minimize any unnecessary headaches and consider this part of my overall portfolio simplification process.

If I was younger and still grinding for every small edge, I would probably still accept these shortcomings for the right interest rate and tax deferral properties, but nowadays the calculations are different.

Image source: Sitejabber

Filed Under: Banking, Estate Planning, Investing, Savings Bonds, Treasury Bills and Bonds //

Coinbase: $50 Bitcoin Bonus for New Customers (Ends 11/22)

Posted on November 14, 2024 // 3 Comments

Coinbase is offering a $50 BTC new user bonus for new customers that complete their first trade of at least $1. Offer expires soon on 11/22/24. The promo code GET50 should already be populated. Fine print says $50 in Bitcoin should arrive within 24-48 hours (arrived within 5 minutes for me). This limited-time offer is better than the standard offer ($5 bonus) and the current referral offer ($20 bonus).

Coinbase continues to try to be the largest, most reputable US-based cryptocurrency exchange platform. If you were ineligible for a Coinbase account in your state previously, I’d check again because they are now live in more states. As with a bank account, you will need to verify your identity using passport, driver’s license, or state ID card. I was able to upload my photo and get it approved instantly.

I linked my PayPal account for simplicity and bought $5 in BTC, and my $50 bonus arrived nearly instantly. For the purchase, there is either a $0.99 commission or you can sign up for a 7-day free trial of Coinbase Pro and pay zero commission (just remember to cancel).

Coinbase also has a program called “Learning Rewards” that regularly offers additional small bonuses ($3 to $5 a pop) for watching videos about new crypto and completing a short quiz.

Fine print:

After your first trade, $50 worth of BTC will be added to your account. Limited redemptions of code may apply. Promotion code expires at 11:59 PST on 11/22/2024. Offer available to new users in the U.S. who have not previously made a crypto purchase on Coinbase. Minimum trade of $1. Allow 24 hours for the bonus to be deposited into your account. Offer not available to new users who were referred to Coinbase through the Referral Program or who have previously opened an account using different contact information. Coinbase may update the conditions for eligibility at any time. Cannot be combined with another offer or promotion.

Filed Under: Deals & Offers, Investing //

Halfmore App: Turn Your Kids’ Chores into a Roth IRA

Posted on November 13, 2024 // 8 Comments

Roth IRAs are popular and powerful, and while they have an earned income requirement, they don’t have a minimum age requirement. As long as a child has “official” earned income, they can contribute that into a Roth IRA (technically a Custodial Roth IRA as a minor, with full rights when they turn 18).

There have been various tips floating around on how parents can help “support” the creation of earned income for their child. There was even a now-defunct website called 1417power.com that would “hire” your kids to take surveys online (of course, the parent had to “hire” 1417power.com first…).

A new app called Halfmore can now facilitate the creation of a nice paper trail between parents as employers and children as workers. They promise to turn chores into a Roth IRA balance. Based on their screenshots, examples of such chores include floor sweeping, washing the dishes, surface dusting, and plant watering. The screenshots also suggest a pay rate of $15 to $16 an hour.

For chores to be recognized as legitimate sources of income, your kids should be paid for tasks you would typically hire another neighborhood kid or a nanny to do (rather than for regular family chores). They should also be appropriate for your child’s age and abilities. Examples include cleaning the garage, mowing the lawn (without a machine), and babysitting. The work must be real, and the wages should be fair.

From what I can gather through the limited information on their website (I had to register to get more details), this is what they offer:

  • They will help you file for an EIN from the government, so you are registered as an official household employer. This is basically the type of thing you should do if you hired a full-time nanny.
  • Through the app, you can track the completion of chores and manage payroll for your children. For example, the washing of dishes can be marked down as 30 minutes of work.
  • They will prepare work documentation for IRS income tax filing and record-keeping requirements.
  • They will help you navigate Federal and State employment taxes.
  • They will help open a custodial Roth IRA for you at Fidelity or Schwab, and transfer money into that account.

The cost is $15 per month or ($144 per year). Their FAQ says this covers up to three children (another place on the website says up to five children). You could file for an EIN, track chores, and open up a custodial Roth yourself for “free”. You are essentially following the same steps as if you were hiring a full-time nanny as a household worker. But if you make enough money such that you are considering this scheme for your kids, then your hourly rate is probably high enough that the convenience factor makes this a reasonable fee.

If you need more chore ideas, here is the Montessori Chart of Age-Appropriate Chores For Kids that keeps floating around like a meme:

spoiledchores

Looking through my archives, I realized that I have already written about “Roth IRA for Kids” in 2007, 2012, and 2019. My eldest child is in middle school now, and I’m still working on how to best teach them about money. I can see a matching program later on in life when they have a real job from an outside employer. But right now, I don’t pay them anything to do their chores. Chores are not a job, they are a responsibility to their family. They can’t decline their chores by declining the money. Maybe I’ll pay for extra jobs around the house, but I think it’s gonna be a stretch for that to add up to thousands of dollars a year.

If you already plan on gifting your child money anyway, this might be a more efficient method. For me, I already tell them that we spend a lot of money on their education right now, and that is our “gift”. I am already paying plenty for tutoring, swim lessons, tennis lessons, STEM camps, etc. Not to mention who knows how much college will cost! I suppose I just feel like this is too far down the list. Maybe my attitude will change later. Maybe I’ll just let them have the sense of accomplishment from funding their own retirement accounts. 😁

Filed Under: Family, Investing, Retirement //
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